Hungarian and Romanian formations.
Emigration to mandatory Palestine/Israel.
Refers mainly to forgeries of documents (including food stamps, vouchers etc.) as a means of resistance
30/03/1985-1975
Diplomat credited with saving over 65 000 Jews. Righteous Among the Nations (1965)
01/01/1908-1985
Hungarian Jewish Zionist activist. In 1932 he was appointed as the general secretary of the "Mizrahi" and “Hapoel Hamizrahi” organisations in Hungary. In 1934 he was the secretary of the Eretz-Israel Office in Budapest and from 1938 to 1946 its manager. In April 1944, a few weeks after the German invasion of Hungary, all the 7,800 certificates that were not used by Jews, who were deported or exterminated by the Nazis all over Europe, arrived. But after Romania switched alliance to the Russians (23.8.1944) the way to Palestine was blocked. The Swiss consul, Carl Lutz obtained from the Hungarian government the authorization to issue Protection Documents for those in possession of a certificate and thus the “Schutzpass” was born. In the summer of 1944 Krausz distributed the “Auschwitz Report”, which was smuggled into Hungary and described the extermination of Jews in the camp, abroad. After the liberation Krausz made aliya. In Israel he worked for the Ministry of Social Welfare until he retired.
1906 March 15-1957
Lawyer, journalist, Zionist activist. Kasztner’s name is associated with several rescue operations during the Holocaust. In 1942, he helped found the Relief and Rescue Committee (Budapesti Segélyező és Mentőbizottság or Va‘adat ‘Ezrah ve-Hatsalah) of Budapest, a clandestine group that smuggled Jews from Slovakia and Poland to Hungary. Kasztner brought copies of the so-called Auschwitz Protocols from Slovakia to Hungary at the end of April 1944. In the summer of 1944 Kasztner attempted a rescue operation that became known as the Kasztner Train. After Kasztner's immigration to Palestine in 1947, in 1952 Malkiel Grünwald accused Kasztner of collaborating with the Nazis. In March 1957 Kasztner was assassinated in Tel Aviv by three men associated with the Israeli extreme right.
02/03/1876-09/10/1958
Head of the Roman Catholic Church (1939-58). Controversy around his and the Vatican's "neutrality" during the Holocaust
1874-24/01/1965
Prime minister (1940-1945 and 1951-1955).
12/11/1904-24/12/1977
NS-politician and officer. Important role in the persecution and murder of Croatian and Serbian Jews. 1944 representative of the Reich to Hungary.
09/03/1898-31/03/1946
Lieutenant colonel in the Hungarian Gendarmerie, in charge of establishing the ghettos and deporting the Jews of Hungary in 1944. From May 3 - July 9, 1944, Ferenczy submitted reports every other day on the progress of the ghettoisation and deportations. after the war, F. was sentenced to death by hanging in Hungary in 1946.
01/06/1897-12/03/1946
Founder and leader of the Arrow Cross Party, the most popular extreme right wing movement in Hungary before and during WWII. Following Regent Horthy's failed attempt to leave war, Szálasi assumed power with German support and became Prime Minister of Hungary (15 October, 1944-28 March 1945) as well as the head of state ("Leader of the Nation"). He was found guilty of war crimes and executed in 1946.
This report based on accounts by prisoners Walter Rosenberg and Alfréd Wetzler, who had escaped from Birkenau in April 1944. It provided a precise description and map sketches of the camp’s layout, operation, selection and extermination techniques. In Hungary the illegal Zionist organizations were the first to receive the information, but the protocol soon reached the Central Jewish Council as well as members of the non-Jewish resistance and Regent Miklós Horthy’s circles. Through Zionist channels, a copy of the protocol reached Switzerland and the British and U.S. governments.
Palestina Amt was a Zionist and a Palestine-based organization. This office was headed by Moshe Krausz, who was a member of Mizrachi, the religious Zionist Party, and a representative of Hashomer Hatzair, the extreme-left Zionist Group. Krausz distributed the valuable Palestine certificates, which enabled their bearers to enter Palestine.
Founded in 1921
The Jewish Agency is established in Yishuv to promote Jewish self-government as a part of the British Mandate by the League of Nations. The Jewish Agency was reluctant to expends funds on rescue, arguing moneys should be provided by international Jewish communities. However, some funding was spent on modest rescue efforts. This group tried to rescue Jews in Transnistria, urged the Allies to save Jews from concentration camps, advocated the bombing of railway hubs, and brought orphans to Palestine. However, the Jewish Agency refused to fund the Europa Plan or ‘Blood for Trucks’.
At the start of the Second World War the Swiss government tried to maintain trade relations with all belligerents. In order to safeguard vital supplies and channel them through the blockades and economic warfare restrictions applied by both sides, it had to conduct complicated negotiations with its economic partners – not only Germany but also the Allies.
In 1938/1939 the army of the United States was ill prepared even to defend the nation against attack; the public and Congress were determined to avoid war and ignorant of military requirements. The foreign policy of the United States was in debate, and the policies that the President followed in this period of doubt soon raised a conflict between the request for aid and the demands of national rearmament. Amid this confusion the services had to prepare for the worst. From 1938-09 to 1941-12-07 it became increasingly probable that the United States would have to fight in the Second World War.
(1935) 1939-1945
Arrow Cross Party was the most popular right-wing extremist movement in Hungary before and during WWII. The party was founded in 1935 under the name of Party of National Will. Its leader, former officer of the General Staff, Ferenc Szálasi was imprisoned (1938-1940) and his party dissolved several times, however, managed to return to political life. In the last pre-war elections in 1939 the Arrow Cross gained 29 seats, making it the second largest party in Parliament. The party was re-named to Arrow Cross Party-Hungarist Movement in 1942. After Regent Miklós Horthy’s attempt to extricate from war on October 15, 1944, the Arrow Cross Party assumed power with Nazi support. From October 16, 1944, until March 28, 1945, Ferenc Szálasi was prime minister of Hungary as well as its plenipotentiary head of state, bearing the title “Leader of the Nation.” Paramilitary forces of the Party, known as Party Service (pártszolgálat) and Armed National Service (fegyveres nemzetszolgálat) committed several atrocities and war crimes during their short reign, which claimed the lives of thousands of people, mostly Jews and Roma. Following the war, Szálasi and several other Arrow Cross leaders were sentenced to death and executed.
KEOKH was originally established in 1930 and started to operate in 1931. It exercised the rights of the Minister of the Interior in relation to non-citizens residing in Hungary. In summer 1941 the KEOKH was one of the initiator and executor of the Kamenets-Podolski deportation.
Testimony of M. S., a conservative Zionist leader and a member of the Palestine Office on Zionist rescue activities in Budapest and the history of the “Glass House”.
As a start, I have to comment that all actions, processes, and negotiations that regard
either the times before
or the Delegation of Foreign Interests
that
represented the interests of both
The commanding ultimatum addressing the No, Sir,
exceptionally it regards not my
.
But it appeared that similar actions had their effects also in
The representative of the
The idea of
- as places where the people who intended to
The story of
started here. We moved into the building in the middle of
and the
that resulted
from it were made here. Next to the 60-80,000
To be loyal to historical truth I also need to mention that among the protected people of
there were quite a number of non-Jew leftists together with their
numerous
We should not be surprised therefore that the terrorist attempts on the banquet of the
. This was followed by the
A sign of this was the visit of two detectives from the so-called
one morning in
. Their
visit regarded again
and we could hope for great clearing actions
against us in the forthcoming days.
At the same time our agents frequently reported that the
. The
first reports were quite fantastic. According to these the project was to lead us into the
caves of
. Hence, it was not a great surprise for our leaders when a squad of
the
After this event, the bandits of the